- A study has found that treatment with semaglutide led to reduced triptan usage in women.
- However, no significant effect was observed in men with overweight or obesity.
- Experts say reductions in inflammation or intracranial pressure could play a role.
- Sex-related differences in how the body handles semaglutide also appear to be important.
- More research is needed before semaglutide can be recommended as a migraine treatment.
A recent nationwide study in Denmark has revealed that women who start using semaglutide, a popular medication prescribed for weight loss, may experience a decrease in the need for standard migraine treatments.
The researchers found that females using semaglutide had a noticeable reduction in their use of a class of drugs called triptans.
Researchers from the University of Southern Denmark collaborated with Novo Nordisk, the pharmaceutical company behind semaglutide (marketed as Wegovy for weight loss and Ozempic for diabetes control), to analyze data from Danish health registries.
These registers contain comprehensive health information on the entire population, enabling a detailed examination of medication use patterns.
The study focused on adults who began semaglutide treatment for weight management between December 1, 2022, and June 30, 2024. It included nearly 150,000 people who started semaglutide during the study period, of whom about two-thirds were females.
For each individual, the researchers tracked their use of triptans — the drugs commonly taken for acute migraine relief — for two years before starting semaglutide and for one year afterward. This approach enabled the researchers to observe changes over time and to compare triptan use before and after semaglutide initiation.
The team used statistical models to examine monthly triptan consumption, measured in defined daily doses, among the participants.
They also looked at the number of new triptan users during the study and analyzed differences among people who had already been using triptans before starting semaglutide.
To better understand who was most affected, the researchers broke down the data by sex, age groups, how consistently people remained on semaglutide, and whether they had previously used preventive migraine medications.
Overall, around 4.6% of the individuals used triptans during the study period.
Before beginning semaglutide, it was found that triptan use was on the rise among participants.
However, after starting the medication, this trend reversed, and triptan use began to decline gradually over the following year.
At the one-year mark, there was a modest but clear reduction in triptan consumption compared to what would have been expected based on previous trends.
This decrease was mainly seen in people who were already using triptans before starting semaglutide, suggesting that the drug might reduce the need for migraine relief in those with a history of migraine.
There was no significant change in the number of new triptan users, however, indicating that semaglutide does not appear to prevent new cases of migraine from developing.
When comparing males and females, the study also found that females experienced an 8% reduction in triptan use after starting semaglutide, whereas males showed no significant change. This sex-specific effect may be linked to differences in how males and females respond to semaglutide, including typically greater weight loss among females.
Age also played a role, with the largest reductions in triptan use seen in younger adults aged 18 to 35.
Additionally, people who had previously taken preventive migraine medications saw a more pronounced decrease in their need for triptans.
The researchers further observed that the changes in triptan use happened gradually rather than immediately after starting semaglutide, suggesting a slow but steady improvement in migraine symptoms over time.
While the exact reasons for these findings are not fully understood, several factors might contribute.
Tom Lavin, MD, a board certified surgeon and founder of the telehealth company yourEra, said that inflammation and intracranial pressure may play a role, given how GLP-1 medications function in the body and brain. Lavin wasn’t involved in the study.
“GLP‑1 medications like semaglutide reduce inflammation throughout the body, including in the brain,” he told Healthline. “Neuroinflammation is a major driver of migraine, so lowering inflammation can significantly reduce both the frequency and severity of headaches.”
These medications also lead to gradual weight loss, which can reduce intracranial pressure.
“Elevated pressure inside the skull is linked to certain headache disorders, so reducing that pressure can directly improve migraine symptoms,” Lavin said.
GLP‑1 medications interact with several brain regions involved in migraine pathways, he added, including the hypothalamus, brainstem centers like the nucleus tractus solitarius, and reward circuits.
According to Lavin, these systems all affect inflammation, pain signaling, and hormonal regulation, which can contribute to migraine activity.
Jill White, PharmD, CEO of Innovate Wellness, told Healthline that “even a modest reduction in triptan utilization could be meaningful for migraine patients.” White wasn’t involved in the study.
Lower triptan use could mean patients are having fewer attacks, experiencing less severe attacks, or relying less on rescue medication, White told Healthline.
“This is important because frequent triptan use can contribute to medication-overuse headache and reduced quality of life,” said White.
“If GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce migraine burden indirectly while simultaneously improving obesity-related comorbidities such as sleep apnea, hypertension, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation, some patients may experience broad neurologic and metabolic benefits simultaneously,” she added.
White further noted the importance of the sex-specific findings, discussing how a variety of factors, such as differences in hormonal influences, immune signaling, distribution of fatty tissues, sensitivity of the CGRP pathway, and hypothalamic regulation, might influence the higher frequency of migraine in females.
“It is possible that GLP-1-mediated metabolic or inflammatory improvements interact differently with female neuroendocrine physiology, leading to greater observable benefit in women,” said White.
It might also be that females obtaining obesity treatments have a higher baseline migraine prevalence or higher triptan utilization, she said, making it easier to detect reductions in usage.
White concluded her remarks by saying, “The findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting GLP-1 receptor agonists may have broader neurologic and anti-inflammatory effects beyond weight loss alone.”
While more research is needed before GLP-1s can be recommended as a migraine therapy, this study offers the promise that semaglutide might also ease the burden of migraine for many females.
